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02/19/26

Human in the loop artificial intelligence in healthcare: applications, outcomes, and implementation challenges.

Olawade, David B; Plabon, Shamiul Bashir; Ojo, Adeyinka; Ogunbona, Muyiwa Ademola; Makanjuola, Babajide David; Olasilola, Omobolaji Rosemary. Int J Med Inform.

Collection Topics
AI and Diagnosis Culture, Work System, and Implementation
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Summary

Human-in-the-loop AI combines human expertise with machine intelligence to improve decision making and support ethical and safe patient care. This narrative review examines its effects on care processes such as diagnostic imaging and clinical decision support, addresses challenges like workflow integration, regulatory issues, and sustainability, and suggests future research for enhancing collaboration in healthcare.

Read the paper
Olawade DB, Plabon SB, Ojo A, et al. Human in the loop artificial intelligence in healthcare: applications, outcomes, and implementation challenges. Int J Med Inform. 2026;213:106362.